![]() ![]() Mental health problems also lead to substantial indirect costs, such as absenteeism and productivity losses at work (Bubonya, Cobb-Clark, and Wooden 2017). For example, depressive disorders account for 12% of total years lived with disability, and depression is the largest contributor to the disease burden attributable to nonfatal health outcomes (Üstün and Chatterji 2001 Whiteford et al. Depressive disorders are a leading and often underestimated cause of the global disease burden (Vigo, Thornicroft, and Atun 2016). The lack of evidence on the effects on mental health outcomes is a salient gap, since mental health is an increasingly important domain of health, especially in the developed countries (Frank and McGuire 2000 Layard 2013). Therefore, in this study, we examine the effects of education on mental health. 1 So far, the literature has focused only on physical health. We advance the understanding of the education-health relationship by studying the effect of a change at the age at which students are split between academic and vocational education on mental health in adulthood. However, quasi-experimental evidence using natural policy experiments on the causal link between education and health outcomes still remains inconclusive (Galama, Lleras-Muney, and van Kippersluis 2018). The positive correlation between education and health is well established (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2008). The potential positive effect on health is a crucial part of the nonmonetary return provided by education. Education leads to monetary (Angrist and Krueger 1991) and nonmonetary (Oreopoulos and Salvanes 2011) gains at the individual level. ![]()
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